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Essay on Toleration

Voltaire

OF THE PRINCIPLE OF ACTION


"Everything is in motion, everything acts and reacts, in nature.


Our sun turns on its axis with a rapidity that astonishes us; other

suns turn with the same speed, while countless swarms of planets

revolve round them in their orbits, and the blood circulates more

than twenty times an hour in the lowliest of our animals.


A straw that is borne on the wind tends naturally towards the centre

of the earth, just as the earth gravitates towards the sun, and the

sun towards the earth. The sea owes to the same laws its eternal

ebb and flow. In virtue of the same laws the vapours which form our

atmosphere rise continually from the earth, and fall again in dew,

rain, hail, snow, and thunder. Everything, even death, is active.

Corpses are decomposed, transformed into plants, and nourish the

living, which in their turn are the food of others. What is the

principle of this universal activity?"



Meditations

Marcus Aurelius

Appendix

Ad Verum. imp., ii. I, s.fin.

'The army when you took it in hand was sunk in luxury and revelry, and

corrupted with long inactivity. At Antiochia the soldiers had been Wont

to applaud at the stage plays, knew more of the gardens at the nearest

restaurant than of the battlefield. Horses were hairy from lack of

grooming, horsemen smooth because their hairs had been pulled out by

the roots[39] a rare thing it was to see a soldier with hair on arm or

leg. Moreover, they were better drest than armed; so much so, that

Laelianus Pontius, a strict man of the old discipline, broke the

cuirasses of some of them with his finger-tips, and observed cushions

on the horses' backs. At his direction the tufts were cut through, and

out of the horsemen's saddles came what appeared to be feathers pluckt

from geese. Few of the men could vault on horseback, the rest clambered

up with difficulty by aid of heel and knee and leg not many could throw

a lance hurtling, most did it without force or power, as though they

were things of wool-dicing was common in the camp, sleep lasted all

night, or if they kept watch it was over the winecup. By what

regulations to restrain such soldiers as these, and to turn them to

honesty and industry, did you not learn from Hannibal's sternness, the

discipline of Africanus, the acts of Metellus recorded in history."




Concerning War

Julius Caesar

THE CIVIL WAR

BOOK VII

"a man of very great

influence and extensive connections. His brother Valetiacus had borne

the same office during the last year: that the whole state was up in

arms; the senate divided, the people divided; that each of them had his

own adherents; and that, if the animosity would be fomented any longer

the result would be that one part of the state would come to a collision

with the other; that it rested with his activity and influence to

prevent it."



THE WAR IN GAUL

BOOK VII

"Many thousands being taken, as many of the Bituriges as

were able to escape the first coming of the Romans, fled to the

neighbouring states, relying either on private friendship, or public

alliance. In vain; for Caesar, by hasty marches, anticipated them in

every place, nor did he allow any state leisure to consider the safety

of others, in preference to their own. By this activity, he both

retained his friends in their loyalty, and by fear, obliged the wavering

to accept offers of peace."



The Bible (King James)

Book of Genesis

"47:5 And Pharaoh spake unto Joseph, saying, Thy father and thy

brethren are come unto thee: 47:6 The land of Egypt is before thee; in

the best of the land make thy father and brethren to dwell; in the

land of Goshen let them dwell: and if thou knowest any men of activity

among them, then make them rulers over my cattle."




Talmud


Oral Law of Israelites




Yoma, fol. 9, col. 1.


Before a priest could be admitted into active service in the Temple he

had to undergo bodily inspection at the hands of the syndicate of the

Sanhedrin. If they found the least defect in his body, even a mole with

hair upon it, he was ordered to dress in black and be dismissed; but if

he was perfectly free from blemish, he was arrayed in white, and at once

introduced to his brother priests and official duties.



RABBINICAL ANA


Rabbi Jochanan said that it is as pleasing in God's sight if we are kind

and hospitable to strangers, as if we rise up early to study His law;

because the former is in fact putting His law into practice. He also

said, "He who is active in kindness toward his fellows is forgiven his

sins."


Both this Rabbi and Abba say it is better to lend to the poor than to

give to them, for it prevents them from feeling ashamed of their

poverty, and is really a more charitable manner of aiding them. The

Rabbis have always taught that kindness is more than the mere almsgiving

of charity, for it includes pleasant words with the more substantial

help.